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Social And Emotional Development Of Students - 1831 Words

Pre Group Planning †¢ Group member selection- Members will be chosen at random selection. 6 students who have displayed difficulty in social skills will be chosen by a random draw of names. The counselor will then evaluate each student to see if they are a fit for the program †¢ Group Meetings- The group will meet once a week every Tuesday in the library from 1-130pm. Parent Permission Form Student _______________________________ Room ___________________________ As the school counselor, I offer all students the opportunity to participate in small groups throughout the year. These groups help to support the social and emotional development of students, which has a positive influence on academic development and†¦show more content†¦However, because counseling is based on a trusting relationship between the counselor and the students, the leader will keep the information shared by the members confidential unless district policy and/or ethical responsibilities require disclosure. These circumstances are if a child reveals information about harming themselves or others, or if a child reveals information about child abuse. In these rare cases only relevant information will be shared following district policy. In order for your child to participate in a group, I will need to have written permission from you. Please complete the attached form and return to me. As always, if you have questions or concerns, please contact me. Sophia Henry School Counselor Child’s Name __________________________________________________ Teacher’s name ________________________________________________ I would like my child to participate in the following small group: Social Skills By signing this form, I give consent for my child to participate in group counseling. I understand that: †¢ The group will provide an opportunity for members to learn and practice interpersonal skills, discuss feelings, share ideas, practice new behaviors, and make new friends. †¢ Anything the group members share in group will be kept confidential by the group leader and the other group members. Parent/guardian Signature

The Gulf War and the role of air power in the Gulf War in 1991 Free Essays

string(250) " alleged that the coalition forces joined the US, â€Å"for more than a Wilsonian ideal; they did so to protect their own respective national interests, not the least of which included oil, the life blood of the world economy† \(Allison, 2012: vii\)\." Introduction The Gulf War remains an important event in modern history for various reasons. Firstly, it can be argued that the Gulf War is significant as it gives the background to the overall recent warfare known as the ‘Iraq War’ (Coyote, 2013, p.24). We will write a custom essay sample on The Gulf War and the role of air power in the Gulf War in 1991 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although the perceived reasons for invading Kuwait are still disputed amongst researchers,, the most popular reason given for the invasion is Iraq’s allegation that Kuwait was stealing its oil (Freedman Karsh, 1991, p.52). How far this was a significant cause of the war will be explored, in addition to the role that developing air power played in this War. One of the main questions this essay will attempt to answer is: did air power play a major role in the bringing the War to an endFinally, the essay will discuss the wider impact of the Gulf War on the Iraqi Government, and how it has affected the country in the modern day. Why did the Iraqi Government invade Kuwait? There has been unending debate on what the exact reason Iraqi invaded Kuwait, with scholars disagreeing on what transpired in the events the preceded the breakout of the war (Flanagan, 1991, p.18). It is fair to say that it was a culmination of several factors that led to Kuwait invasion, and no single factor could be seen as the catalyst for military action. Firstly, Iraq was heavily indebted to both Saudi Arabia and Kuwait due to their financial backing of Iraq in its war against Iran (Khadduri Ghareeb 1997, p.1). Kuwait did more than just support the war against Iran financially; they also offered assistance by effectively becoming Iraq’s major port following the closure of Basra at the height of the conflict (Khadduri Ghareeb 1997, p.3). The close tie between Iraqi and Kuwait during the former’s war against Iran later led to Iran targeting the country following its financial support to Iraq. Iraq owed Kuwait more than $80billion, which the Iraqi Government could n ot pay back (Cordesman Wagner1996, p.45). Despite pleas from Iraq to Kuwait to write off $14 billion of the debt, Kuwait refused. The fact that Kuwait were not willing to negotiate the debt in favour of Iraq angered Iraqi Government, further increasing tension between the two countries (Danchev Keohane, 1993, p.23). Another factor widely speculated to have increased the tension between the two countries is when Iraq claimed certain parts of Kuwait were actually Iraqi territory (Khadduri Ghareeb, 1997, p.4). Shortly before the commencement of the war, the Iraqi Government alleged that Kuwait was stealing petroleum from Iraq by way of slant-drilling into Iraq’s Rumaila field (Freedman Karsh, 1991, p.52). This resulted in heated disputes between the two countries, with allegations that Kuwait was stealing oil worth in the region of $2.4 billion (1994, pp.23-30). This, according to Muellor (1994, pp.23-30) arguably put more pressure on a relationship that was already strained. Muellor observe that Kuwait argued that the allegations were ill-founded and fabricated in order to justify Iraq’s resolve to take military action against Kuwait.Foreign firms working in the area took Kuwait’s side, as the common belief built on the belief that the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq was heavily influenced by Iraq’s motivation to obtain the country’s significant petroleum supplies. Some alleged that the decision to invade Kuwait had been mooted a couple of months before Augu st 1990, as the crisis was coming to a climax (Freedman Karsh, 1994, pp. 63-65). Linked to this issue is the allegation by Iraq that Kuwait was overproducing petroleum, which caused a revenue decrease for Iraq. It was estimated that during the period of 1985-1989, every year Iraq suffered a $14 billion deficit as a direct result of Kuwait’s oil production (Finlan, 2003, p.24). Whilst Iraq did try to negotiate with Kuwait, they did not reduce their production, which must have angered the Iraqi government. Some historians say that Iraq viewed this refusal as an act of defiance, which then became a powerful trigger for the War (Fisk, 2006, p.18). Therefore, as is often the case with invasion events, politics, money and oil can be shown to be the underlying causes of military action. An overview of the Gulf War The Gulf War took place between August 1990 and February 1991. Following Iraq’s initial invasion of Kuwait, the main players comprised coalition forces, a combination of 34 different countries led by the United States of America, against Iraq. The Iraqi Republican Guard invaded Kuwait on 2 August 1990 with over 100,000 members of the Iraqi military supported by 700 tanks in the early hours of the morning. This was met immediately by a UN Security Council sanction, which created a ban on all trade with Iraq and the freezing of all its assets (Khadduri Ghareeb, 1997, p.73). By 4 August 1990, most Kuwaiti troops either had been overpowered or had fled to Saudi Arabia or Bahrain. Hundreds of thousands of civilians fled the country and many continued to stay there even after the end of the conflict (Flanagan, 1991, pp.18-26). The initial invasion consisted of intense military action as Iraq looked to show their intention to occupy its neighbor. This action was internationally cond emned, and the UN was strongly encouraged to act and find a way forward (Fulghium, 1991). Countries worldwide called for Iraq’s withdrawal from Kuwait, including countries who were previously its allies, such as France and India. This international pressure against the invasion was seen quickly through immediate economic sanctions being placed against Iraq by the UN. Alongside the period of sanctions, there were efforts to negotiate with Iraq. However, these negotiations broke down, leading the coalition forces to advance their campaign against the invasion. The coalition forces were largely comprised of US military, in addition to troops from the UK, Saudi Arabia and Egypt. The main aim of the coalition troops was to expel the Iraqi military from Kuwait (Fisk, 2006: xvii). This commenced with an aerial assault on 17 January 1991 (Fisk, 2006: xvii). Some alleged that the coalition forces joined the US, â€Å"for more than a Wilsonian ideal; they did so to protect their own respective national interests, not the least of which included oil, the life blood of the world economy† (Allison, 2012: vii). You read "The Gulf War and the role of air power in the Gulf War in 1991" in category "Essay examples" Nevertheless, the rising number of casualties, especially amongst children worried many people. Lesley Stahl said, â€Å"We have heard that a half million children have died. I mean, that’s more children than died in Hiroshima†¦is the price worth it?† (Leigh Wilson, 2001). Secretary of State Madeleine Albright responded with, â€Å"I think this is a very hard choice, but the price – we think the price is worth it† (Leigh Wilson, 2001). An attack on the ground followed on 24 February, which brought a victory for the coalition forces, freeing Kuwait from seven months of Iraqi military occupation (Sulton, 1995, pp.195-200). Following this liberation the coalition entered Iraq and after four days (exactly 100 hours) after the ground assault on Iraq) a ceasefire was declared (Dinackus, 2000, pp. 225-230). Air Power in the Gulf War Given the major use of air power in this war, some refer to the Gulf War as the ‘1991 Bombing of Iraq’, as Iraq military was enthusiastic to show off their airpower in the region. The bombing campaign began on 17 January 1991 and from that time until the end of the conflict, the coalition forces were involved in flying over 100,000 sorties in the region. â€Å"Air power dominated the media images of the Gulf War. Video footage of precision-guided munitions hitting their targets with pinpoint accuracy remains embedded in popular memory† (Finlan, 2003, p.30). It is arguable that one of the main factors forcing the retreat of Iraqi troops was the dropping of 88,500 tons of bombs across the country, which destroyed many areas within cities. The strategy in the air was to target not only Iraqi military sites, but also to destroy structural landmarks. This appears to have made the Iraqi military embark on a defensive strategy in response to the air campaign (Finlan, 200 3, p. 33). Hallion (1992) shares this view, and argues that strategy was evolving, seen in how the coalition air forces targeted places and structures rather than citizens. These air tactics, Hallion argues, allowed coalition forces to control Iraq without causing large fatalities. He maintains that, â€Å"the air commanders of the Allied coalition could approach the prospect of war with Iraq with such confidence in the air† (Hallion, 1992: 4). It is this confidence that stopped the Iraqi air force from being able to compete with the strength and quality of the coalition forces. Posen (2003) agrees with the assertion that air power played a significant role in the Gulf War. He took the view that, â€Å"air power alone may not be able to determine the outcome of all wars, but is a significant asset. Moreover, US air power has proven potentially devastating to mechanized ground forces operating offensively†¦as was discovered in the only Iraqi mechanized offensive† (Posen, 2003: 16) This shows that, whilst air power was not on its own sufficient for the coalition forces to be outright successfully, it did contribute greatly to the overall result. In contrast, however, Press disagrees with this argument and puts forward the view that, â€Å"even after 5 weeks of bombing, the best Iraqi units†¦were willing to maneuver into the path of US forces.† (Press, 2001: 37). Although Press does agree with Hallion that the coalition forces were more superior when military supplies and availability of resources were compared. The press argues that sup erior military resources were the main factor why US-led allied team won the war, rather than the much publicised air power. However, there is considerable support among historians for the idea that air power played a significant part in Iraq’s defeat. This includes Schultz and Phaftzgraff who argue that the strategy in the air campaign was an overarching reason why the ground assault brought rapid, total success: â€Å"All major government, military, and party headquarters were wrecked; both civil and military telecommunications were totally silenced; Iraqi air defences were largely incapacitated.† (Schultz Phaftzgraff, 2001: 19). This strategy of destroying main services greatly helped the coalition forces and because of this, many scholars argue that air power played a valuable and significant role in their victory. It was true, however, that Iraqi forces had air power of their own too, and this was evident when they started off their intensive military invasion of Kuwait (Fulghum, 1991: 71-73). One of the reasons for the relatively quick takeover of Kuwait by the Iraqi military was that the former was taken by surprise, and was not able to offer much resistance, particularly in the air (Sayenga, 1991). Therefore, even at the outset of the war, air played a part, by assisting Iraq to take over Kuwait in a very speedy manner. However, when the competing allied forces confronted the Iraqi forces with similar airpower, the latter soon realised that their airpower were less superior. Despite the use of ground-to-air missiles by the Iraqi military, they were no match to the allied forces’ military ability (Morrocco, 1991: 40-43). USAF Lieutenant General Chuck Horner led the coalition forces and the overall military air strategy included the deployment of Tomahawk cruise missiles from warships. As part of the air campaign, A-10 Thunderbolts bombing large sections of Iraq, causing considerable military and civilian deaths. It can be safely argued that the air campaign led to the destruction of much of the Iraqi armed forces, and that without this air campaign, the result might have affected the outcome, such is its importance in the Gulf War. When the coalition forces were combined, their artillery total was 2,250 combat aircraft, which was significant under any circumstances, but was particularly damaging when compared to the 500 members of the Iraqi air force (Hallion, 1992). The air campaign is often referred to by its code-name, â€Å"Operation Desert Storm† and more than 1,000 sorties were sent on a daily basis (Finlan, 2003: 30-32). Iraqi defence forces were not able to stand up to this military assault, particularly when â€Å" the first night of operations over Iraq witnessed the longest bombing run in history†(Finlan, 2003: 35). This puts into perspective how significant the role of air power was, as it had never before been seen on this scale in any war in the history. The casualty numbers were kept to a minimum for the coalition forces who only suffered 75 aircraft losses out of 100,000 sorties. Faced with this air bombing onslaught, many of the Iraqi air forces fled to Iran. This was unexpected, as coalition military had assumed that the escape might be towards Jordan and had adapted their strategy for this action. After just a few weeks, the air power assault had mostly stopped by 24 February, with the successful entry into Kuwait by coalition troops. It is arguably not a coincidence that the end of the bombing campaign and the end of the War came close together. The impact of the Gulf War on the Iraqi Government Following the passing of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 in 1991, the UN deployed several other controversial measures against Iraq, (Cortright Lopez, 2000). As in the aftermath of any War, the Iraqi Government continued to experience financial difficulties as the rising costs of the war impacted across the country (Alnaswari 2000:89-119). Following the extensive bombing campaign by the coalition forces, the Iraqi Government had to start the process of reconstructing major towns and cities that had been severely destroyed by the bombs. It was reported that Iraqi planners believedthe coalition’s intention had been â€Å"to destroy or damage valuable facilities that Baghdad could not repair without foreign assistance. The worst civilian suffering, senior officers say, has resulted not from bombs that went astray but from precision-guided weapons that hit exactly where they were aimed at electrical plants, oil refineries and transportation networks.† (Gellman1991). However, it is in economic terms that the real impact of the Gulf War was felt. Alnasrawi has argued that oil was Iraq’s ‘gold dust,’ forming the bedrock of their economy and therefore the UN sanctions virtually destroyed this industry with the closure of 90% ports and 97% of exports (Alnasrawi, 2000:89-119). As long after the war as 1996, Iraq was in a dire situation, with a humanitarian crisis, and the UN agreed to offer temporary oil-for-food (OFF) program where Iraq was permitted to sell oil under very stringent conditions. Historians disagree and argue about the exact effect of this on the Iraqi Government; one report stated that, â€Å"Even under the most benign conditions, OFF only allows Iraq to be run as a relatively efficient refugee camp in which people get just about enough food to eat† (Gazdar, 2002). Although it has also been suggested that â€Å"Between the springs of 2000 and 2002, [US and UK] holds on humanitarian goods tripled† (Gor don, 2002), the financial ruin that the Iraqi Government found itself in, was as a direct result of the Gulf War. Conclusion With its many casualties and serious effect on global politics, the Gulf War remains a crucial landscape when considering modern politics, particularly in the Middle Eastern region. During its occupation by the Iraqi military, more than 1000 Kuwaiti civilians died, and thousands more fled the country never to return. As it has been shown here, there are a number of factors put forward as contributing to the invasion of Kuwait, and it has been this essay’s aim to argue that the allegation that Kuwait was stealing oil from illegal sources was the ultimate catalyst for the war, rather than the main reason. There were many different forces at play as relations between the two countries had reached volatile to say the least. Nevertheless, what is also interesting in this debate is the suggestion that interest in the conflict from coalition forces came out of an attraction to Kuwait’s oil production. Oil is in increasing demand within the Western World and it is not surprisin g that many see it as a strong underlying motive for – or at least, a significant factor in – the Coalition’s engagement. This is summed up very well by Finlan, who states, â€Å"The critical issue that transformed the situation in the Gulf from a regional dispute into a full-blown international crisis was, above all, the substantial oil reserves in that area and the world’s dependence on this ‘black gold.’ If left to his own devices, Saddam Hussein possessed the ability to have influence over, or outright control of, 40 per cent of the known oil supplies on the planet by combining his own reserves with Kuwait and possibly, that of Saudi Arabia.† (Finlan, 2003: 9). In addition, it has been proposed here shown that air power had a significant role to play in the war and its eventual conclusion. The Iraqi Air Force were no match for the advanced technology at the disposal of the Coalition military, made clear during the extensive bombing campaign and also from the defensive strategy which the Iraqi army were forced to take. It has been this essay’s objective to provide evidence for the contention that the role of air power was considerable. Without the serious impact the bombing campaign had on the Iraqi forces and the Iraq infrastructure, no one knows how the Gulf War would have developed, how long it would have lasted, and what other consequences there might have been. Many lives were lost and it was clear that the Iraqi Government could not compete with the sheer scale of its opponents or stop the devastating impact on its civilians. The aftermath of the Gulf War therefore had a considerable impact upon the Iraqi Government. Arguably, the most significant effect of the war was on the economy, asthe war â€Å"produced serious hardships to the people and set the economy back to 19th Century status† (Alnasrawi, 2000: 89-119). Many academics working in this field believe that, the Gulf War laid the foundations for the more recent ‘Iraq War’ in 2003, which extends its significance even further to say the least. References Allison, W. (2012) The Gulf War, 1990-91 Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan Alnasrawi, A. (2000) Iraq: Economic Embargo and Predatory Rule Oxford: OUP Cordesman, A. Wagner, (1996) A.The Lessons of Modern War, Vol IV – The Gulf War Oxford: OUP Cortright, David, And George A. Lopez. (2000) The Sanctions Decade: Assessing UN Strategies in the 1990s. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Coyote, C. (2013) Iraq War 2013: What Really Happened Behind the Scenes, US: Charles Edmond Coyote. Danchev, A. Keohane, D. (1993) International Perspectives on the Gulf Conflict: 1990-91 London: Palgrave Macmillan Dinackus, T. (2000) Order of Battle – Allied Ground Forces of Operation Desert Storm, Oregon: Hellgate Press Finlan, A. (2003) The Gulf War 1991 (Essential Histories) Oxford: Osprey Publishings Fisk, R. (2006) The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East London: Harper Collins Flanagan, E. (1991) ‘The 100-Hour War,’ Army, April, 1991, pp 18-26. Freedman, L. Karsh, E. (1994) The Gulf Conflict 1990-1991 and Diplomacy and War in the New World Order London: Princeton University Press Fulghum, D. A. (1991). Allied Air Power, Forward Controllers Back Arabs to Make Their Drive Succeed. Aviation Week Space Technology, 134(16), 71-73. Gazdar, H. (2002) â€Å"Pre-Modern, Modern, and Post Modern Famine in Iraq† Institute of Development Studies Bulletin, The New Famines, October, Vol. 33. Gellman, B, (1991) ‘Allied Air War Struck Broadly in Iraq: Officials Acknowledge Strategy Went Beyond Purely Military Targets’ Washington Post, (June 23, 1991) Gordon, J., (Dec, 2002) ‘Cool War’Harper’s Magazine. Available at: http://harpers.org/archive/2002/11/cool-war/ [accessed 28 February 2014] Hallion, R. (1992) Storm over Iraq – Air Power and the Gulf War, Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press Hillen, J. (1991) ‘2nd Armoured Cavalry: The Campaign to Liberate Kuwait’ Armor, July-August, pp 8-12 Khaddori, M Ghareeb, E. (1997) War in the Gulf 1990-91 Oxford: OUP Leigh, D. Wilson, J. (10 October 2001) ‘Counting Iraq’s Victims’ The Guardian Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/10/iraq.socialsciences [accessed 28 February 2014]. Morrocco, J. (1991) ‘War will Reshape Doctrine, but Lessons are Limited’ Aviation Week and Space Technology, April 22, pp 40-43. Muellor, J. (1994) Policy and Opinion in the Gulf War Chicago: University of Chicago Press Posen, B.R. (2003) Command of the Commons: The Military Foundations of U.S Hegemony, International Security pp 5-46. Press, D.G. (2001) ‘The Myth of Air Power in the Persian Gulf War and the Future of Warfare’ International Security, Vol 26, Issue 2, pp 5-44 Sayenga, K. ‘Wings over the Gulf’ The Discovery Channel: Bethesda, 1991 Schultz, R. Pfaltzgraff, R. L. (1992) The Future of Air Power in the aftermath of the Gulf War Alabama: Air University Press Sulton, B. (1995) Desert Warrior: A Personal View of the Gulf War by the Joint Forces Commander London: HarperCollins How to cite The Gulf War and the role of air power in the Gulf War in 1991, Essay examples

Reflective Writing for Sustaining Human Rights - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theReflective Writing for Sustaining Human Rights. Answer: The phrase, human rights might have a broad definition, but when it is narrowed down to women rights, it takes a more specific direction. This reflective paper will dwell on the women rights. Let us first begin by understanding what women rights are. Women rights are those rights claimed by women, which aim to establish equality between men and women (George, 2015). Focusing on New Zealand, the efforts to fight for these rights are now evident. However, perfect situations are rare, the same case gender equality cannot be completely achieved at work places. Let's now reflect on how the women rights on employment have affected the society. In the earlier days, women used to face a lot of discrimination in the workplace, especially in matters related to opportunities and wages. hanks to New Zealand, the government on its gender equality policies as well as women who have tirelessly fought for women rights at the workplace the rate of gender inequality has greatly been reduced (Bonner, 2012). Moreover, gender discrimination is in itself unproductive at the workplace. Apart from undermining the female gender and paying them low wages, it makes the women lose touch with their work and hence the productivity of the organization is lowered since women are hampered from taking leadership roles in organizations. Therefore, they are not able to contribute their knowledge and skills (George, 2015). The most common types of gender discrimination that were previously being exercised included, wage gaps, sexual harassment, unequal opportunities and lack of involvement in decision-making. Despite the efforts and policies that aim to curb gender discrimination, there are still cases of gender discrimination that goes unnoticed. The main reason that such cases fail to be noticed is due to the reason that men are viewed superior to women (Hurley, 2012). However, there are occupations that men do not prefer to engage in, yet they are suitable for women. Such opportunities include caregivers. However, the society as a whole has viewed these preferences in occupations as being sexist. Another sector that has seen women get many employment opportunities is the hospitality industry. Moreover, the hospitality industry seems to acknowledge women rights as the employment of both genders seem to be equal as well as equal opportunities than any other industries in New Zealand (Kabasakal Arat, 2011). On the other hand, women should not complain too much as they also get some advantages that men do not, for instance, women are likely to get help or assistance on a particular issue as opposed to men. This can be viewed as a way of compensating for the inequalities in other areas of the work. Also, the ministry of social development has shown a kind gesture towards realizing the need for gender equality as it gives equal benefits most of which the bigger percentage that receives the benefit are women. Also, women are hardworking and likely to dominate areas that are male dominated due to their hard work (Kabasakal Arat, 2011). In New Zealand when we look at the unemployment rate, it is found that women are highly unemployed. The main reason behind this is the fact that men tend to get high qualifications in education thus having many opportunity openings than women. Another reason for the unemployment rate is that women mostly have other duties to take care such as house chores of which forces them to take part-time jobs (Lewis, 2015). Moreover, women have encircled themselves in a belief that they are only supposed to stay at home and worry about house chores while men go to work. This further jeopardizes the fight against gender discrimination. The fight for women rights to vote was spearheaded by Kate Shepherded in 1892. This saw New Zealand becoming the first country to grant women a right to vote. According to George, (2015), the New Zealand parliament policies and regulations did not give women the right to stand for parliament. This remained so until the first female, Elizabeth McCombs became the first female member of parliament in New Zealand (Paul, 2012). This also saw the rise in the number of women in parliament up to nine percent by 1981. Up until now, the New Zealand parliaments consist of thirty one percent women. During the colonial period, women in New Zealand did not have protection rights or privileges to work. Women served only as housewives and could only stay at home in most cases looking after the children and preparing food for their working husbands. Equal pay right was enacted in 1972, which stipulated that men and women who work at the same job level should as well be paid equally (Silliman, 2014). Another milestone that further promoted the rights for women is the 1985 act that granted parental leave to women who are in their final stages of pregnancy which is to extend until the child is three to six months old. This closely followed by paid parental leave in 2002, which allows mothers to earn while away from work looking after the child. Moreover, the law also considered men, in that, men could also ask for parental leave to go and look after the child for the remaining period, in the case that the mother had to go back to work (Sweetman, 2015). The New Zealand legislation on ge nder equality is now making women successful as they have allowed them to work as opposed to the previous law. Equal rights have been one of the most top priority of New Zealand government. Numerous improvements have been made to ensure women are given equal rights as men in the workplace. Equal pay for equal work, this approach advocates that regardless of which gender has accomplished the task, the value attributed to the task should be equally compensated whether it is a man or a woman did the job (Tinker, 2016). Executing equal pay for work of equal value principles is one of the interventions that have seen a reduction in undervaluation of women in male dominated work. The standard practice in New Zealand, consist of addressing the gender pay gap foe employees in relation to the median hourly rate. The New Zealand Government has advocated that women be provided with paid parental leave (PPL) after the birth of a child (Wollstonecraft, Williams, 2013). However, there is still a lack of consensus on the criteria to determine the duration of leave as well as the level of pay. Regardless of all that has been achieved there is still need for robust mechanisms, such as legislation, which are required to further drive the gender equity agenda so as to realize employment equity. This calls for commitment from the political broad as well as public consensus. This is to be accompanied by adjustments in providing the early-childhood education funding and ensure its availability in the rural areas where it is scarce. This is because parents in the rural areas are unable to access it as they work on non-standard hours hence no time to access this services. (Lewis, 2015). Conclusion Women rights has been an endless struggle in an effort to equality at work places as well as in the society. However gender equality has not yet been established. I have realized that in the modern society, women has gradually advanced to handle roles that were previously designated for men. This has also contributed to the economic development in a big way. The theme on women rights is important to me, as I come from the Chinese community where women are viewed as inferior to men. However, civilization that is taking place in my society, is slowly getting to realize that both genders are equal and as such they should be treated equally. References Bonner, M. (2012).Sustaining human rights(1st ed.). University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State Univ. Press. George, B. (2015).In pursuit of equal rights(1st ed.). [Washington]: The League. Hurley, J. (2012).Women's rights(1st ed.). San Diego, Calif.: Greenhaven Press. Kabasakal Arat, Z. (2011). Womens rights as human rights.UN Chronicle,45(3), 9-13. https://dx.doi.org/10.18356/d16204cd-en Lewis, H. (2015). Human Rights of Women: National and International Perspectives, and: Reconceiving Reality: Women and International Law (review).Human Rights Quarterly,17(3), 576-582. https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hrq.1995.0025 Paul, K. (2012). Women in the Front Line: Human Rights Violations against Women, an Amnesty International Report.Human Rights Quarterly,13(3), 432. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/762632 Silliman, J. (2014).Undivided rights(1st ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: South End Press. Sweetman, C. (2015).Women and rights(1st ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxfam. Tinker, C. (2016). Human Rights for Women: The U. N. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.Human Rights Quarterly,3(2), 32. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/761855 Wollstonecraft, M., Williams, Z. (2013).A vindication of the rights of woman(1st ed.).